Representative Values for Foc

Table I-1 provides examples of the fraction of organic carbon (foc) in various geologic media.

 
Table I-1. Representative natural foc values determined in soils, sediments, and rocks
SampleDepth
(ft bgs)		focAdditional Sample InformationReferences

Silty clay sediment (EPA-4), dark grayish, from Missouri River, Stanton, ND

Near surface

0.021

 

Hassett, J.J., J.C. Means, W.L. Banwart, and S.G. Wood. 1980.  Sorption Properties of Sediment and Energy-Related Pollutants. EPA  600/3-80-041. USEPA, Athens, GA.

Clay loam sediment (EPA-5) from Missouri River near Linton, ND

Near surface

0.023

Clay (EPA-6) sediment, grayish, from Missouri River near Pierre, SD

Near surface

0.0072

Loamy sand (EPA-8) sediment from Missouri River near Onawa, IA

Near surface

0.0015

Silty loam loess (EPA-9) from bluff north of Turin, IA

Near surface

0.0011

Clay (EPA-14), red soil from hillside near Ceredo, WV

Near surface

0.0048

Silty clay loam (EPA-15) sediment from Ohio River near Leavenworth, IN

Near surface

0.0095

Clay loam (EPA-18) sediment from Mississippi River near Columbus, KY

Near surface

0.0066

Silty clay loam (EPA-20) soil  from near Ferne Clyffe State Park, IL

Near surface

0.013

Loam sediment (EPA-21) from creek near Lorenzo, IL

Near surface

0.019

Silty loam (EPA-22) sediment from bay in Illinois River  near Lacon, IL

Near surface

0.017

Clay (EPA-23) sediment from Crane Lake in Sanganois Wildlife Refuge, IL

Near surface

0.024

Silty loam (EPA-26) sediment from Mississippi River near McClure, IL

Near surface

0.015

Sandy loam (EPA-B2) sediment from stream near Watkinsville, GA

Near surface

0.012

 

Subsoil sample (B horizon, silty loam) of Mollisol from the Drummer soil series in Kane, IL

1 to 4

0.0027

Mollisols form in semi-arid to semi-humid areas, typically below grassland cover. In North America, they are most commonly found east of the Rocky Mountains. Their parent material is typically base-rich, calcareous, and includes limestone, loess, or wind-blown sand. Mollisols' defining feature is their deep, high organic matter, nutrient-enriched surface soil (A horizon), that is typically between 60–80 cm in depth.

Jagadamma, S., M.A. Mayes, and J.R. Phillips. 2012.  "Selective sorption of dissolved organic carbon compounds by temperate soils." PLoS ONE 7(11): e50434, 9 p.

Subsoil sample (B horizon, silty clay loam) of Mollisol from the Longford soil series in Washington, KS

1 to 4

0.0029

Subsoil sample (B horizon, silty clay loam) of Mollisol from the Pawnee soil series in Lancaster, NE

1 to 4

0.0018

Subsoil sample (B horizon, silty clay loam) of Alfisol from the Malmo soil series in Lancaster, NE

1 to 4

0.0032

Alfisols typically form under hardwood forest cover in semiarid to humid areas. They have undergone only moderate leaching, have a clay-enriched subsoil with >35% base saturation (Ca, Mg, and K relatively abundant), and are commonly found in glaciated areas.

Subsoil sample (B horizon, silty clay) of Alfisol from the Arispe soil series in Decatur, IA

1 to 4

0.0020

Subsoil sample (B horizon, silty clay ) of Alfisol from the Zanesville soil series in Spencer, IN

1 to 4

0.0019

Subsoil sample (B horizon, silty clay) of Ultisol from the Jefferson soil series in Anderson, TN

1 to 4

0.0020

Ultisols, commonly identified as red clay soils, are mineral soils which contain no calcareous material, have <10% weatherable minerals in the A horizon, and have <35% base saturation throughout the soil. They are typically acidic (pH <5) and their red and yellow colors result from iron oxide accumulation.  Ultisols are considered the ultimate product of continuous mineral weathering in a humid, temperate climate and they are the dominant soils in the southern U.S.

Subsoil sample (B horizon, clay) of Ultisol from the  Collegedale soil series in Anderson, TN

1 to 4

0.0030

Subsoil sample (B horizon, silty clay loam) of Ultisol from the Wolftever soil series in Anderson, TN

1 to 4

0.0023

 

Clay loam (B horizon) sample of the St. Clair soil series from MI

1 to 2

0.0044

 

Lee, J., J.R. Crum, and S.A. Boyd. 1989. "Enhanced retention of organic contaminants by soils exchanged with organic cations." Environmental Science & Technology 23(11): 1365–1372.

Clay loam (B horizon) sample of the Marlette soil series from MI

1 to 3

0.0030

Sand (B horizon) sample of the Oshtemo soil series from MI

1 to  3

0.0011

 

Sand (4 samples) from near a hazardous waste site in Memphis, TN

0 to 1

0.0004 to 0.0006

 

Johnson-Logan, L.R., R.E. Broshears, and S.J. Klaine. 1992. "Partitioning behavior and the mobility of chlordane in groundwater." Environmental Science & Technology 26(11): 2234–2239.

Silt loam (4 samples) from near a hazardous waste site in Memphis, TN

3 to 8

0.0012 to 0.004

Silt (3 samples) from near a hazardous waste site in Memphis, TN

9 to 10

0.0036

 

Silt loam shallow aquifer sample from Tinker Air Force Base near Oklahoma City, OK

16 to 29

0.00010

 

MacIntyre, W.G., and T.B. Stauffer. 1989. Liquid Chromatography Applications to Determination of Sorption on Aquifer Materials. Air Force Engineering & Services Laboratory, Tyndall AFB, FL, 38 p.

Loamy sand shallow aquifer sample from Carswell Air Force Base near Fort Worth, TX

4 to 21

0.00027

Sandy loam shallow aquifer sample from Barksdale Air Force Base near Shreveport, LA

14 to 46

0.0011

Sandy loam shallow aquifer sample from Blytheville Air Force Base near Blytheville, AR

28 to 33

0.0016

Sand shallow aquifer sample from Canadien Forces Base Borden in Ontario

1 to 13

0.00015

Sand shallow aquifer sample from the Johnson Ranch near Lula, OK

16

0.00020

 

Sand aquifer sediment from a site in Tampa, FL

6.5 to 8.2

0.0013

 

Brusseau, M.L., and P.S.C. Rao. 1991. "Influence of sorbate structure on nonequilibrium sorption of organic compounds." Environmental Science & Technology 25(8): 1501–1506.

 

Loamy sand, dark brown

10 to 15

0.014

Samples were obtained from intact cores of subsurface solids collected at the former Naval Training Center in Orlando, FL.

Woods, L., R.L. Siegrist, and M. Crimi, 2012. "Effects of in situ remediation using oxidants and surfactants on subsurface organic matter and sorption of trichloroethene," Groundwater Monitoring & Remediation 32(2): 96–105.

Sand, orange tan

30 to 35

0.0036

Loamy sand, gray

50 to 55

0.0024

 

Upper layer silty sand terrace deposits of the surficial aquifer

5 to 15

0.0015 to 0.0018

Samples were collected at the U.S. Naval Air Station site in Jacksonville, FL.  Specific sample depths are not identified.  Two samples were analyzed from the upper layer and four samples were analyzed from the intermediate layer.

Davis, J.H. 2000. Fate and Transport Modeling of Selected Chlorinated Organic Compounds at Operable Unit 3, U.S. Naval Air Station, Jacksonville, Florida. USGS Open-File Report 00-255, 36 p.

Intermediate layer of silty sand terrace deposits of the surficial aquifer

30 to 100

0.00071 to 0.0059

 

Clay interbed in the surficial aquifer at the Naval Air Station in Jacksonville, FL

~15 to 25

0.0018

 

Adamson, D.T., S.W. Chapman, S.K. Farhat, B.L. Parker, P. deBlanc, and C.J. Newell. 2015. "Characterization and source history modeling using low-K zone profiles at two source areas." Ground Water Monitoring & Remediation. doi: 10.1111/gwmr.12090, 18 p.

 

Columbia aquifer Atlantic coastal plain sediments from Virginia Beach, VA

9

0.00019

 

Rectanus, H.V., M.A. Widdowson, F.H. Chapelle, C.A. Kelly, and J.T. Novak. 2007. "Investigation of reductive dechlorination supported by natural organic carbon." Ground Water Monitoring & Remediation 27(4): 53–62.

Columbia aquifer Atlantic coastal plain sediments from Virginia Beach, VA

21

0.0012

 

Gray clay in the Kirkwood-Cohansey coastal plain sediment aquifer near Glassboro, NJ

89

0.021

Sample taken at well FSS1-3

Chapelle, F.H., L.J. Kauffman, and M.A. Widdowson. 2014. "Modeling the effects of naturally occurring carbon on chlorinated ethene transport to a public water supply well." Ground Water 52:76–89.

White sand in the Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer near Glassboro, NJ

131

0.0033

Sample taken at well FSS1-4

White sand in the Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer near Glassboro, NJ

98

0.0015

Sample taken at well FSS2-2

Yellow sand in the Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer near Glassboro, NJ

312

0.0028

Sample taken at well FSS3-4

Black clay in the Kirkwood-Cohansey aquifer near Glassboro, NJ

141

0.029

Sample taken at well FSS4-4

 

Gravel with sand (<6% silt/clay) alluvium from boring SSA-01 at the Chevron PCPL Superfund Site in Fillmore, CA

11 to 61

.0026 to 0.0088

Analyses were performed on 6 samples collected at 11, 21, 28, 35, 43, and 61 feet bgs.

URS. 2007. Final Report of Natural Attenuation Characteristics and Soil Vapor Characteristics above Dissolved-Phase Benzene Plume, Pacific Coast Pipeline (PCPL) Superfund Site, Fillmore, California.

Gravel with sand (<6% silt/clay) alluvium from boring SSA-02 at the Chevron PCPL Superfund Site in Fillmore, CA

14 to 56

.0020 to 0.0075
average = 0.0040

Analyses were performed on 6 samples collected at 14, 21, 28, 35, 43, and 56 feet bgs.

Gravel with sand, gravel, and silty fine sand from boring NSA-01 at the Chevron PCPL Superfund Site in Fillmore, CA

13 to 90

0.0012 to 0.0057
average = 0.0037

Analyses were performed on 9 samples collected at 13, 13dup, 25, 25dup, 35, 51, 65, 78, and 90 feet bgs.

 

Fine to coarse-grained sand and gravel alluvium from Moffett Naval Air Station in Mountain View, CA

15 to 20

0.0011

The organic matter appeared to be concentrated in the clay fraction, which had an organic carbon content 6X greater than that of the bulk material.

Roberts, P.V., G.D. Hopkins, D.M. Mackay, and L. Semprini. 1990. "A field evaluation of in-situ biodegradation of chlorinated ethenes: Part I, methodology and field site characterization." Ground Water 28(4): 591–604.

 

Glaciofluvial medium to fine sand

4.0 to 8.5

0.00079

The samples were collected from the vadose zone (beyond the area of greatest contaminant concentration) at a dry cleaner site in NY.  Each sample was air dried, dry sieved, and pulverized prior to duplicate analysis.

Wang, G., R.M. Allen-King, S. Choung, S. Feenstra, R. Watson, and M. Kominek. 2013.  "A practical measurement strategy to estimate nonlinear chlorinated solvent sorption in low foc sediments." Groundwater Monitoring & Remediation 33(1): 87–96.

Glaciofluvial medium to fine sand

9.3 to 12.7

0.00079

Glaciofluvial medium to fine sand

3.5 to 5.5

0.0012

Glaciofluvial sand and gravel

10.5 to 14.0

0.0005

Glaciofluvial sand and gravel

6.5 to 8.0

0.00049

Glaciofluvial sand and gravel

7.0 to 9.7

0.00054

 

Glacial outwash sand from the Cliffs-Dow Superfund site near Marquette, MI

7 to 12

0.0055

Near well cluster B-3

Klecka, G.M., J.W. Davis, D.R. Gray, and S.S. Madsen. 1990. "Natural bioremediation of organic contaminants in ground water: Cliffs-Dow Superfund site." Ground Water 28(4): 534–543.

Glacial outwash sand from the Cliffs-Dow Superfund site near Marquette, MI

20 to 27

0.0018

Near well 85-3

 

Sand, brown, medium to fine grained, well sorted Wedron IL group Quaternary sediments

19 to 20

0.0024

 

Weston Solutions, Inc. 2013. Site Investigation Report, Hoxsey Property, Wedron, LaSalle County, Illinois. Report prepared for Illinois EPA.

Silty clay (gray, some sand) and sand (fine to coarse grained) Wedron Group Quaternary sediments

19 to 20

0.0075

 

Robein silt paleosol (buried A soil horizon) including wood fragments and peat from IL

61 to 194

0.0052 to 0.17
average = 0.039

Analyses were performed on 16 samples.

Glessner, J.J.G., and W.R. Roy. 2009. "Paleosols in Central Illinois as potential sources of ammonium in groundwater." Ground Water Monitoring & Remediation 29(4): 56-64.

Sangamon geosol (buried A, B, and C horizons) silty clay loam to sandy loam from Peoria, IL

119 to 200

0.003

Analyses were performed on 4 samples.

 

Sandy glacial outwash deposit in Minneapolis-St.Paul area, MN

75

0.00026 to 0.00038
average = 0.00035

Analyses were performed on 4 samples.

Ferrey, M.L., J.T. Wilson, C. Adair, C. Su, D.D. Fine, X. Liu, and J.W. Washington. 2012. "Behavior and fate of PFOA and PFOS in sandy aquifer sediment." Ground Water Monitoring & Remediation 32(4) 63–71.

 

Moderately calcareous, moderately to poorly sorted sandy gravel, gravelly sand, and sand with thin interbeds of silt; glacial outwash deposits near Bemidji, MN

<90

0.0009

 

Essaid, H.I., B.A. Bekins, W.N. Herkelrath, and G.N. Delin. 2011. "Crude oil at the Bemidji site: 25 years of monitoring, modeling, and understanding." Ground Water 49(5): 706–726.

 

Fine to coarse calcareous sand aquifer on the north shore of Lake Erie, Long Point, Ontario

<23

0.0015

 

W.D. Robertson. 2008. "Irreversible phosphorus sorption in septic system plumes?" Ground Water 46(1): 51-60.

 

Borden aquifer clean, well-sorted fine to medium sand of glaciofluvial origin in Borden, Ontario

~5 to 20

0.0001 to 0.0009
average = 0.0002

Analyses were made on multiple samples taken from undisturbed cores.

Mackay, D.M., D.L. Freyburg, P.V. Roberts, and J.A. Cherry. 1986.  "A natural gradient experiment on solute transport in a sand aquifer: 1. Approach and overview of plume movement." Water Resources Research 22(13): 2017–2029.

 

Borden aquifer clean, well-sorted fine to medium sand of glaciofluvial origin in Borden, Ontario

1 to 13

bulk sample:  0.00021

foc was determined on sieve size fractions in addition to a bulk aquifer sample:

Ball, W.P., and P.V. Roberts. 1991. "Long-term sorption of halogenated organic chemicals by aquifer material, 1. Equilibria." Environmental Science & Technology 25(7): 1223–1237.

Fraction size (mm)

% of bulk mass

# samples

Average foc

1.7-4.75

0.58

12

0.00063

0.85-1.7

0.91

8

0.00099

0.42-0.85

5.24

22

0.00052

0.25-0.42

16.3

11

0.00023

0.18-0.25

25.7

11

0.00014

0.12-0.18

31.5

12

0.00013

0.075-0.12

16.5

11

0.00015

<0.075

34.1

15

0.00035

 

Glaciofluvial outwash interstratified silts, sands, and gravels at the Gloucester Landfill near Ottawa, Ontario

~30 to 250

0.001 to 0.006
average = 0.0035

 

Jackson, R.E., and R.J. Patterson. 1989. "A remedial investigation of an organically polluted outwash aquifer." Ground Water Monitoring & Remediation 9:119–125.

 

Silty sand from the Gloucester Landfill site near Ottawa, Ontario

49 to 52

0.0004 to 0.0016
average = 0.00077

Analyses were made on 18 samples taken every 5 cm along a core.

Priddle, M.W., and R.E. Jackson. 1991. "Laboratory column measurements of VOC retardation factors and comparison with field values." Ground Water 29(2): 260–266.

 

Cape Cod stratified sand and gravel aquifer USGS research site, MA

10 to 70

Range of averages:
0.00005 to 0.0012

Fraction size (mm)

# of samples

Average foc

foc Range

Barber, L.B., II. 1994. "Sorption of chlorobenzenes to Cape Cod aquifer sediments." Environmental Science & Technology 28(5): 890-897.

0.5-1.0

28

0.00005

0.00002-0.00031

0.25-0.50

40

0.00005

0.00002-0.0020

0.125-0.25

42

0.00011

0.00001-0.00054

0.063-0.125

42

0.00028

0.00007-0.0020

<0.063

45

0.0012

0.00020-0.011

 

Silty clay from NY

13 to 16

0.0013

 

Paviostathis, S.G., and G.N. Mathavan. 1992. "Desorption kinetics of selected volatile organic compounds from field contaminated soils." Environmental Science & Technology 26(2): 532–538.

Silty clay from NY

2 to 6

0.0017

Silty clay from NY

7.8 to 10

0.014

Coarse sand from NY

3 to 4

0.0009

Coarse sand from NY

11.8 to 14

0.0004

 

Glaciolacustrine silty clay from NY

16 to 20

0.0013

 

Paviostathis, S.G., and J. Kendrick., 1991. "Desorptive behavior of trichloroethylene in contaminated soils." Environmental Science & Technology 25(2): 274–279.

 

St. Joseph silty clay till containing dark brown to black shale fragments (believed to be kerogen rich) from near Sarnia, Ontario

40 to 50

0.0068 and 0.020

Two samples were analyzed.

Allen-King, R.M., L.D. MacKay, and M.R. Trudell. 1997. "Organic carbon dominated trichloroethene sorption in a clay-rich glacial deposit." Ground Water 35(1): 124–130.

 

Clay-rich saprolite derived from the Cambrian Dismal Gap Fm. (shale and limestone with lesser sandstone) in eastern TN

4.9 to 6.2

0.001 to 0.006

 

Lenczewski, M., L. McKay, A Pitner, S. Driese, and V. Vulava. 2006.  "Pure-phase transport and dissolution of TCE in sedimentary rock saprolite." Ground Water 44(3): 406–414.

 

Red mudstone from the upper Triassic Lockatong Fm. at the former Naval Air Warfare Center (NAWC) in West Trenton, NJ

287

0.0017 to 0.0020
average = 0.0019

Three rock core disc samples were analyzed.

Lebron, C.A., D. Phelan, G. Heron, J. LaChance, S.G. Nielsen, B. Kueper, D. Rodriguez, A. Wemp, D. Baston, P. Lacombe, and F.H. Chapelle. 2012.  Dense Non Aqueous Phase Liquid (DNAPL) Removal from Fractured Rock Using Thermal Conductive Heating (TCH). ESTCP Final Report Environmental Restoration Project ER200715, 427 p.

Gray mudstone from the Triassic Lockatong Fm. at the NAWC site

260

0.0040 to 0.0042
average = 0.0041

Three rock core disc samples were analyzed.

Black mudstone from the Triassic Lockatong Fm. at the NAWC site

50

0.0075 to 0.0097
average = 0.0087

Three rock core disc samples were analyzed.

Siltstone from the Devonian Lock Haven Fm. in northern PA

70

0.0024 to 0.0031
average = 0.0028

Three rock core disc samples were analyzed.

Limestone from the Ordovician Gull River Fm. in Frontenac County, Ontario

70

0.0023 to 0.0027
average = 0.0025

Three rock core disc samples were analyzed.

Sandstone from the Cambro-Ordovician Nepean Fm. in Landsdowne, Ontario

38

0.00024 to 0.00093
average = 0.00059

Three rock core disc samples were analyzed.

Dolostone from the Silurian Lockport Dolomite in southern Ontario

45

0.0013 to 0.0023
average = 0.0018

Three rock core disc samples were analyzed.

 

Silurian age Guelph Fm. tan-gray fine to medium crystallinity sucrosic dolostone aquifer in Guelph, Ontario

~15 to 330

Average = 0.0002

Sample type

# of samples

Average foc

foc range

Kennell, J.R., 2008. "Advances in Rock Core VOC Analyses for High Resolution Characterization of Chlorinated Solvent Contamination in a Dolostone Aquifer." M.S. Thesis, Earth Sciences Department, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario.

fracture surface

15

0.0023

0.0008-0.064

stylolite layer

1

0.035

--

shale transition

6

0.0006

0.0003-0.0011

dolostone matrix

74

0.0002

0.0001-0.0010

 

Cambrian Ledger Fm. dolostone in Montgomery County, PA

352

0.0009

 

Golder Associates and Stone Environmental geotechnical testing reports. 2012.

 

Eocene chalk from the Negev desert, Israel

Not reported

0.00042 -white chalk
0.011 - gray chalk

Mean foc values are reported; number of samples analyzed or range of values not reported.

Witthuser, K., B. Reichert, and H. Hotzl. 2003. "Contaminant transport in fractured chalk: Laboratory and field experiments." Ground Water 41(6): 806–815.

Upper Cretaceous chalk from Sigerslev, Denmark

Not reported

0.00033 -white chalk

Mean foc value is reported; number of samples analyzed or range of values are not reported.

 

Upper Cretaceous Chatsworth Fm. composed of thick-bedded medium to coarse-grained arkose and lithic arkose sandstone(60-70%), siltstone (25-35%), breccia (1-2%), and trace limestone derived from turbidite flows at the Santa Susana Field Laboratory near Simi, CA

13 to 518

0.00005 to 0.041
(188 samples, including those not categorized by grain size)
average = 0.0015

Sample type

# of samples

Average foc

foc Range

Hurley, J.C. 2003. "Rock Core Investigation of DNAPL Penetration and Persistence in Fractured Sandstone." M.S. Thesis, Earth Sciences Department, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario.

banded sandstone

13

0.0088

0.0021-0.040

hard sandstone

8

0.00012

<0.00005-0.00022

fine sandstone

14

0.00049

<0.00008-0.0026

med. sandstone

31

0.00026

<0.00008-0.0010

coarse sandstone

47

0.00026

0.00008-0.0015

all sandstone

134

0.00028

<0.00005-0.0026

siltstone

20

0.0053

0.00025-0.014

breccia

11

0.00019

0.00013-0.00035

 

Ordovician Prairie du Chien Grp. dolostone in Dane County, WI

77

<0.0001

Analyzed rock samples were derived from core taken at the Hydrite Chemical Company site.

All detected foc values were estimated (below the limit of quantitation but above the method detection limit).

Lima, G., Parker, B.L., Meyer, J.R. 2012. "Dechlorinating microorganisms in a sedimentary rock matrix contaminated with a mixture of VOCs." Environmental Science & Technology 46(11): 5756–5763.

Austin, D.C. 2005. "Hydrogeologic Controls on Contaminant Distribution within a Multi-Component DNAPL Zone in a Sedimentary Rock Aquifer in South Central Wisconsin." M.S. Thesis, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, 480 pp.

Meyer, J.R. 2005. "Migration of a Mixed Organic Contaminant Plume in a Multilayer Sedimentary Rock Aquifer System." M.S. Thesis, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, 313 pp.

Ordovician Prairie du Chien Grp. silty sandstone in Dane County, WI

118

<0.0001

Cambrian St. Lawrence Fm. dolostone in Dane County, WI

126

<0.0001

Cambrian Tunnel City Group sandstone in Dane County, WI

163

<0.0001

Cambrian Tunnel City Group sandstone in Dane County, WI

163

<0.0001

Cambrian Tunnel City Group sandstone in Dane County, WI

191

<0.0001

Cambrian Tunnel City Group sandstone in Dane County, WI

197

<0.0001

Cambrian Tunnel City Group sandstone in Dane County, WI

197

<0.0001

Cambrian Tunnel City Group sandstone in Dane County, WI

215

<0.0001

Cambrian Tunnel City Group sandstone in Dane County, WI

215

<0.0001

Cambrian Tunnel City Group sandstone in Dane County, WI

222

<0.0001

Cambrian Tunnel City Group sandstone in Dane County, WI

223

<0.0001

Cambrian Tunnel City Group Mazomanie Fm. sandstone in Dane County, WI

236

0.00012

Cambrian Wonewoc Fm. sandstone in Dane County, WI

257

0.00010

Cambrian Wonewoc Fm. sandstone in Dane County, WI

257

<0.0001

Cambrian Wonewoc Fm. sandstone in Dane County, WI

317

<0.0001

Cambrian Eau Claire Fm. silty sandstone in Dane County, WI

346

0.00015

Cambrian Mt. Simon Fm. sandstone in Dane County, WI

376

<0.0001

Cambrian Mt. Simon Fm. sandstone in Dane County, WI

465

<0.0001

Cambrian Mt. Simon Fm. sandstone in Dane County, WI

465

<0.0001

 

Triassic Stockton Fm. sandstone, siltstone, and shale in Montgomery County, PA

57 to 333

<0.0001 to 0.0022 (15 samples); average = 0.00084

Depth (ft)

Rock type

foc

Golder Associates and Stone Environmental geotechnical testing reports. 2012.

37.8-38.4

reddish-brown fine sandstone

0.0004

57.2-57.8

medium-coarse arkosic sandstone

0.0011

76.4-77.0

medium-coarse arkosic sandstone

0.0008

98.2-98.8

reddish-brown siltstone

0.0006

117.0-117.6

light-brown sandstone

0.0005

136.2-136.9

fine-medium gray sandstone

0.0012

226.0-226.7

very fine reddish-brown sandstone

0.0007

241.6-242.3

medium gray sandstone

0.0022

260.6-262.2

fine reddish-gray sandstone

<0.0001

280.4-281.0

reddish-brown siltstone

0.0009

294.7-295.3

very fine reddish-brown sandstone

0.0017

315.4-316.0

greenish-gray silstone

0.0006

332.1-332.9

gray shale

0.0009

 

Triassic New Haven Fm. arkose redbeds in CT

Between

0.0002 to 0.01

Analyses were performed on 18 subsamples of bedrock core taken from various depths.

Lipson, D.S., B.H. Kueper, and M.J. Gefell. 2005. "Matrix diffusion-derived plume attenuation in fractured bedrock." Ground Water 43(1): 30–39.

 

Ordovician age Normanskill Fm. dark-gray shale at the Watervliet Arsenal in Albany County, NY

32 to 147

0.0026 to 0.0068
(23 samples)
average = 0.0037

 

Kavanaugh, M., R. Deeb, and D. Navon. 2011. Final Report - Watervliet Arsenal: Diagnostic Tools for Performance Evaluation of Innovative In-Situ Remediation Technologies at Chlorinated Solvent-Contaminated Sites. ESTCP Project ER-200318, 298 p.

 

Devonian Dunkirk shale (grayish black to black) in Alleghany County, NY

370 to 514

0.0012

 

Hill, D.G., and T.E. Lombardi. 2002. Fractured Gas Shale Potential in New York. Ticora Geosciences report to New York State Energy Research and Development Authority.

Devonian Hanover shale in Alleghany County, NJ

514 to 983

0.0014

Ordovician Utica shale (black to grayish black) in central NY

outcrop samples

0.016 to 0.040
average = 0.017

 

Organic-rich shale, Tertiary age, Germany

 

0.27

 

Grathwohl, P. 1990. "Influence of organic matter from soils and sediments from various origins on the sorption of some chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons:  Implications on Koc correlations." Environmental Science & Technology 24(11):1687–1693.

Organic-rich shale, Jurassic age, Germany

 

0.097

Peat, Germany

 

0.33

Lignite, Germany

 

0.19

Bituminous coal, Germany

 

0.84

Anthracite, Germany

 

0.80

 

Metasedimentary bedrock of phyllite grade from bedrock core at MW-203 at a site in northern Maine, MW

13 to 82

0.0011 to 0.0024
average = 0.0018

Analyses were performed on 10 samples collected immediately adjacent to fractures at 13, 23, 27, 38, 42, 47, 52, 58, 69, and 82 feet bgs.  The samples analyzed included the fracture surfaces and extended back to <1 cm from the fracture.

Rawson, J.R.Y., and T.R. Eschner. 2007. "Analysis of organic carbon (foc) in fractured bedrock." In: Proceedings of the Fractured Rock Conference, NGWA/USEPA, Portland, Maine, pp. 555–563.

Metasedimentary bedrock of phyllite grade from bedrock core at PW-207 at a site in northern Maine, MW

11 to 90

0.0016 to 0.0024
average = 0.0019

Analyses were performed on 10 samples collected immediately adjacent to fractures at 11, 19, 24, 29, 35, 45, 55, 87, and 90 feet bgs.  The samples analyzed included the fracture surfaces and extended back to <1 cm from the fracture.